Sabtu, 20 April 2019

Pompeo insists he's 'still in charge' on North Korea negotiations - CNN

Pompeo also sought to downplay concerns about how the current impasse between Washington and Pyongyang over sanctions relief might impact talks going forward, a disagreement that contributed to President Donald Trump's decision to walk away from February's summit with Kim in Hanoi, Vietnam, without a deal.
"President Trump is obviously in charge of the overall effort but it will be my team, special representative {Stephen} Biegun will continue to lead the efforts to achieve what Chairman Kim committed to do back in June of last year which was to denuclearize," Pompeo told reporters at the State Department, standing alongside acting Defense Secretary Patrick Shanahan and their Japanese counterparts.
Trump says sanctions on North Korea are at a 'fair level'
"As I have said before he has made that commitment to President Trump multiple times, he has made it to me personally a half a dozen times. I'm convinced we still have a real opportunity to achieve that outcome and our diplomatic team will continue to remain in the lead," he added.
Pompeo's comments come after North Korean Foreign Ministry official Kwon Jong Gun slammed the US Secretary of State for "letting loose reckless remarks and sophism of all kinds," specifically taking issue with his characterization of Kim Jong Un's recent speech to the country's rubber stamp parliament.
"Everyone has a clear interpretation of his speech which says that the US should change its way of calculation and come up with responsive measures before the end of this year," Kwon said, accusing Pompeo of misconstruing Kim's words for an unknown ulterior motive.
"Even in the case of possible resumption of the dialogue with the US, I wish our dialogue counterpart would be not Pompeo but another person who is more careful and mature in communicating with us," Kwon added.
Pompeo seemed to brush off that criticism Friday and indicated that the comments would have no impact on the prospect of negotiations going forward or his personal role in the process.

Isolating Trump

There has been little contact between the US and North Koreans since Hanoi and the Trump administration has not budged on its refusal to lift any sanctions until Pyongyang provides greater evidence that it is prepared to reduce its nuclear arsenal.
That disagreement is believed to be the primary reason the most recent round of talks between Kim and Trump fell apart in Hanoi.
However, Pompeo has publicly insisted that the US remains willing to return to the table and bluntly answered "yes" Friday when asked if he thinks talks with North Korea can continue without the US providing sanctions relief, despite Kwon's comments to the contrary.
Pyongyang immediately blamed Pompeo and national security adviser John Bolton for derailing the summit, a theme Kwon continued to push on Thursday, saying it "gives us a lesson that whenever Pompeo pokes his nose in, the talks go wrong without any results."
Pompeo was one of the primary drivers in Washington of those talks, and the historic first summit between Trump and Kim in Singapore, but the shine appears to have worn off the relationship.
Since Hanoi, North Korea has sought to not only portray Pompeo as an obstacle to diplomatic progress but as someone who actively working to prevent the two sides from reaching a deal despite Trump's eagerness to keep the momentum alive with Kim since Hanoi.
The high-stakes meeting Trump hopes will help end the North Korea stalemate
"North Korea thinks Pompeo and Bolton have a different opinion as to what a deal should look like and still believes that Trump remains the key to getting what they want," a diplomatic source familiar with the negotiation process said.
This source noted that recent criticism levied against US officials has not mentioned Trump himself, which is believed to be part of an effort by the North Koreans to isolate the President from his top advisers.
Eric Brewer, a former director for counterproliferation at the NSC under the Trump administration, said he also thinks the comments about Pompeo are normal bluster from North Korea, noting that we've seen Kim trying to drive a wedge between Trump and his advisers before.
However, he added that "it would be nice to see the President come out" and publicly endorse" Pompeo and Biegun.

Private frustrations

Pompeo went on to say Friday that the "mission set remains the same" with regards to North Korea as they work toward and completely verifiable and irreversible denuclearization.
But despite Pompeo publicly keeping his cool, his negotiators, including Biegun, are growing more and more frustrated behind the scenes, according to multiple sources familiar with their thinking.
Specifically, Biegun's frustrations are rooted in the lack of communication between the US and North Korea, according to multiple sources who have talked to him recently, noting that he has made it clear that he would like to get back to the table with his North Korean counterparts soon.
But that timetable remains unclear. Sources told CNN that South Korean President Moon Jae-in has a message from Trump that he has been asked to relay to Kim.
The message includes "things that matter to the current course of action, things that have to lead to something positive for the US-DPRK summit," a source said. "I believe he (Kim) would be very, very curious about what my President (Moon) would have to say after his meeting with the Trump administration."
South Korean President Moon has a message for Kim Jong Un from Trump, sources say
While Moon has cast himself as the intermediary charged with jump starting talks between the US and North Korea, sources familiar with the situation have told CNN that there have not been any serious inter-Korean talks since Hanoi.
Both US and South Korean officials say that their leaders want another summit with Kim but it remains unclear when either meeting might take place.

Kim's next move

For his part, Kim is still weighing options that include taking provocative measures, such as a satellite launch, in an attempt to regain leverage by raising tensions with the US or go the other way: attempt to resume diplomacy while continuing to seek sanctions relief, a source told CNN earlier this month.
Pyongyang claimed it had conducted a "new tactical guided weapons firing test" on Wednesday but US officials have characterized the development as consistent with a low-level provocation and opted against condemning the move publicly.
What US intelligence believes happened with North Korea's weapons test
Plans are also in the works for Kim to visit Russian President Vladimir Putin later this month. South Koreans say they are not worried, but that visit could further complicate the diplomacy between the US, North Korea and South Korea.
While some still fear that Russia will throw a wrench in the US-North Korean diplomacy, US officials do not see the meeting as much of a threat given that Russia has little leverage. There are hopes, among some US officials, that after North Korea holds meetings in Russia that they will come back to the table with the US.
On Thursday, Kim said he seeks to "closely cooperate" with Putin "as required by the new era." It appeared that he was making a point to the Americans.
Biegun held meetings in Moscow earlier this week ahead of Kim's planned arrival.
Putin and Kim Jong Un will meet in Russia later this month, Kremlin confirms
During those meetings, according to a Russian official, Biegun made it clear that the Trump administration does not want to go down the path of a step by step process with North Korea. Russia is not expected to push North Korea to bite at a big deal, they are content with that status quo, the official explained, given that they are getting involved.
"Maybe this is far as we can get," said the official, with little sense of urgency, explaining that the current halt to nuclear and missile testing from North Korea may be the ceiling on progress. The official also said that Russia didn't plan to torpedo the US talks, but rather hopes they could help get the two sides back to conversing.

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https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/20/politics/pompeo-north-korea-still-in-charge/index.html

2019-04-20 12:17:00Z
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Colombia's Salt Cathedral Is A Marvel Of Architecture And A Popular House Of Worship - NPR

The Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá is an underground church built inside a salt mine, and made entirely of salt. Luis Acosta/AFP/Getty Images hide caption

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Luis Acosta/AFP/Getty Images

The tunnel leading to Colombia's most famous church feels more like a byway into the bowels of the earth. It's dark and dank, with a faint smell of sulfur in the air. But after a few hundred yards, the shaft gradually widens to reveal Roman Catholic icons, like the Stations of the Cross and Archangel Gabriel.

And they're all carved out of salt.

Colombia's Salt Cathedral is located about 600 feet underground, in a former salt mine in Zipaquirá, just outside Bogotá. It's especially busy during Easter, with thousands attending services marking the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ.

But the cathedral is also an architectural wonder, built in the caverns and tunnels left behind by miners, who extracted millions of tons of rock salt starting two centuries ago.

At the bottom, the temple opens up to reveal three naves representing the birth, life and death of Christ. There is a basilica dome, chandeliers and an enormous, floor-to-ceiling cross illuminated with purple lights. The pews are jammed with the faithful and when a choir breaks into song ahead of Mass, the sound envelops the chamber.

Visitors pass a sculpture inside the Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá in 2007. Rodrigo Arangua/AFP/Getty Images hide caption

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Rodrigo Arangua/AFP/Getty Images

"I found it to be incredibly impressive," said Reagan Jeffries, a Dallas-area schoolteacher, after touring the site. "How do you even make this? How do you bring the equipment down?"

For all of its grandeur, the church had modest beginnings.

Initially, miners prayed in a small sanctuary built inside the caverns. There, they would pray to the Virgin of the Rosary of Guasá, the patron saint of miners, to protect them from toxic gases, explosions and other accidents. That first sanctuary was built in the 1930s.

A worker looks for scratches at the Salt Cathedral in 2003. Javier Galeano/AP hide caption

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Javier Galeano/AP

"The work was very dangerous," Juan Pablo García, a cathedral administrator, said of mining the Zipaquirá salt deposits, where commercial mining began in 1815. "Every day that they came out of the mine alive was a reason for giving thanks."

After extracting salt, the miners left in their wake a vast network of grottoes, pits and passageways. Retired mining engineer Jorge Castelblanco says most exhausted mines are simply abandoned and sealed up. But Zipaquirá's miners and church officials — influential figures in this deeply Catholic country — persuaded the Colombian government to convert the empty spaces into a church in 1953.

Structural problems forced its closure in 1990. That's when Castelblanco, 127 miners, plus a handful of sculptors were brought in to build the current version of the cathedral — located 200 feet below the original cathedral. (The first sanctuary from the 1930s had been closed earlier because it was unstable).

The Salt Cathedral, shown here in 2011, sits 600 feet underground. Luis Acosta/AFP/Getty Images hide caption

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Luis Acosta/AFP/Getty Images

It was a massive undertaking. Just carving the Stations of the Cross into the walls took five years. Another challenge was transferring the massive rock salt altar from the old site to the new.

"It weighed 16 tons," Castelblanco said. Workers had to cut it into three pieces to make the move.

Their efforts appear to have paid off.

"It's magnificent," said Ana Milena Arroyo, a Catholic pilgrim from northern Colombia, after exiting the cathedral following Mass on Palm Sunday. "It's amazing that people had the genius to build this."

The church is also breathing new life into the local economy. Salt mining in Zipaquirá has dwindled, but now tourists and religious pilgrims flock here. Tour guide Andrés Ortiz said the site receives about 600,000 visitors annually.

And although it's not among the Seven Wonders of the World, Colombia's Congress proclaimed the Salt Cathedral to be "the first wonder of Colombia."

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https://www.npr.org/2019/04/20/714609074/colombias-salt-cathedral-is-a-marvel-of-architecture-and-a-popular-house-of-wors

2019-04-20 11:10:00Z
CAIiELgolk7-7WHWtnhYAAfhxAcqFggEKg4IACoGCAow9vBNMK3UCDCvpUk

Bitcoin trader facing death penalty after Thai navy boards cabin of fugitive 'seasteaders' - NBC News

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By Reuters

BANGKOK — The Thai navy on Saturday boarded the floating cabin of a fugitive U.S. bitcoin trader and his Thai girlfriend, both prominent members of the "seasteading" movement who possibly face the death sentence for setting up their offshore home.

Thai authorities have revoked the visa of American citizen Chad Elwartowski and have charged him and his partner, Supranee Thepdet, with violating Thai sovereignty by raising a small cabin on top of a weighted spar 14 nautical miles off the west-coast of the Thai island of Phuket — a popular holiday destination.

The cabin has been promoted as "the world's first seastead" by the group Ocean Builders, part of a movement in tech and libertarian circles to build floating communities beyond the bounds of nations as a way to explore alternative societies and governments.

"I was free for a moment. Probably the freest person in the world," Elwartowski posted on his Facebook on April 13, days before the Thai navy raided his floating home.

Elwartowski, 46, and Supranee, whose Facebook page describes her as a "Bitcoin expert, Trader, Chef, seastead Pioneer," apparently fled after a surveillance plane flew over the cabin the previous day.

The Royal Thai Navy task force had planned on Saturday to seize the structure and tow it back to shore for use as evidence, but by the afternoon it was still studying how to move it without destroying it, the navy said.

In a video posted last month detailing the raising of the floating home, Elwartowski said 20 more similar houses would be up for sale to form a community.

Elwartowski and Ocean Builders say the spar was in international waters and beyond Thailand's jurisdiction. Thai authorities say the structure is in its 200-mile exclusive economic zone and therefore a violation of its sovereignty.

The navy said they have evidence that the floating home was built in a private boatyard in Phuket and said the couple wanted to establish a "permanent settlement at sea beyond the sovereignty of nations by using a legal loophole".

It said the action "reveals the intention of disobeying the laws of Thailand as a littoral state and could lead to a creation of a new state within Thailand's territorial waters... undermining Thailand's national security as well as economic and social interests of maritime nations."

In an email reply to Reuters, Elwartowski referred all questions to the Seasteading Institute and pointed to online statements from the Ocean Builders website.

The group said that the pair, both active bitcoin investors, did not build, invest in or design the floating home themselves but were "volunteers excited about the prospect of living free," documenting their lives as "pioneer seasteaders" off the coast of Phuket.

The U.S. Embassy in Bangkok told Reuters that Elwartowski had engaged a lawyer and was being provided with appropriate assistance.

According to Ocean Builders, the concept of "seasteading" has been discussed for years but the cabin Elwartowski and Supranee lived on was the first attempt at living in what it described as international waters.

Other groups, such as the Seasteading Institute, which was originally backed by PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel, have sought to build floating cities with the cooperation of host nations.

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https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/bitcoin-trader-facing-death-penalty-after-thai-navy-boards-cabin-n996666

2019-04-20 09:23:00Z
52780271871342

North Korea slams Bolton's 'dim-sighted' call for sign of denuclearization - Reuters

National Security Advisor John Bolton adjusts his glasses as U.S. President Donald Trump speaks while meeting with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg in the Oval Office at the White House in Washington, U.S., April 2, 2019. REUTERS/Joshua Roberts

SEOUL (Reuters) - North Korea has criticized U.S. National Security Adviser John Bolton’s “nonsense” call for Pyongyang to show that it’s serious about giving up its nuclear weapons, the second time it has criticized a leading U.S. official in less than a week.

U.S. President Donald Trump has said he is open to a third summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, but Bolton told Bloomberg News on Wednesday there first needed to be “a real indication from North Korea that they’ve made the strategic decision to give up nuclear weapons”.

“Bolton, national security adviser of the White House, in an interview with Bloomberg, showed above himself by saying such a nonsense,” North Korean Vice Foreign Minister Choe Son Hui told reporters when asked about his recent comments, the Korean Central News Agency said on Saturday.

“Bolton’s remarks make me wonder whether they sprang out of incomprehension of the intentions of the top leaders of the DPRK and the U.S. or whether he was just trying to talk with a certain sense of humor for his part, with its own deviation,” she said, referring to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, North Korea’s official name.

“All things considered, his word has no charm in it and he looks dim-sighted to me.”

The North Korean vice minister also warned that there would be no good if the United States continued “to throw away such remarks devoid of discretion and reason”.

North Korea said on Thursday it no longer wanted to deal with U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and that he should be replaced in talks by someone more mature, hours after it announced its first weapons test since nuclear talks broke down.

Reporting by Joori Roh, Josh Smith; Editing by Nick Macfie

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https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1RW068

2019-04-20 07:46:00Z
52780272661753

Trump praises Haftar in apparent reversal of US policy on Libya - Al Jazeera English

Thousands of protesters took to the streets in Libya's capital, Tripoli, on Friday after US President Donald Trump praised Libya's Khalifa Haftar amid a military assault by the renegade general to seize the capital.

A White House statement said Trump and Haftar spoke by phone on Monday "to discuss ongoing counterterrorism efforts to achieve peace and stability in Libya".

On April 4, Haftar and his forces launched an offensive against the country's internationally recognised government, which is based in Tripoli.

In their phone call, Trump "recognised Field Marshal Haftar's significant role in fighting terrorism and securing Libya's oil resources, and the two discussed a shared vision for Libya's transition to a stable, democratic political system".

It was unclear why the White House waited several days to announce the phone call.

Trump's praise for Haftar was seen in Tripoli as a reversal in US policy on Libya, as earlier this month, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo demanded an immediate halt to Haftar's offensive.

190419062628262

Al Jazeera's Mahmoud Abdelwahed, reporting from Tripoli, said news of the conversation caused anger in the capital with residents perceiving the call as a show of support by Trump for Haftar's offensive.

"People are very angry, thousands of people have come out here on the main streets and squares especially in Tripoli and they are calling on the international community to stop the military aggression by Haftar forces," he said.

At least 2,000 people took part in Friday's protest in Tripoli's Martyrs' Square to protest the push on Tripoli by Haftar's Libyan National Army (LNA).

Libyan protesters carry a portrait of French President Emmanuel Macron during a demonstration against Haftar in Tripoli [Mahmud Turkia/AFP]

Abdelrizaq Musheirib, a protester criticised Trump's call to the commander, telling Reuters news agency: "The call has no meaning but we will respond to it."

The LNA launched the military campaign against Tripoli on April 4, saying it wanted to "cleanse" the country's western region of "remaining terrorist groups".

Analysts say the offensive is threatening to reignite a full-blown civil war in the oil-rich country, which has been mired in chaos since the NATO-backed toppling of longtime ruler Muammar Gaddafi in 2011.

The fighting on the outskirts of the city has killed at least 213 people and wounded more than 1,000 people, the World Health Organization said on Friday. More than 25,000 have been displaced, according to the UN.

Haftar backs a rival administration in eastern Libya that refuses to recognise the authority of the UN-recognised Government of National Accord in Tripoli, led by Prime Minister Fayez al-Serraj.

World powers divided

Al Jazeera's Rosiland Jordan, reporting from Washington, DC, said the White House's statement on Friday appeared to contradict the stand of the United States's Department of State.

"Earlier this week, the State Department put out a statement calling on Haftar to stand down, to halt this military offensive and the US has been working with the UN on trying to broker some sort of a peace accord in that country," she said.

"So, it raises the question whether this is a matter of a US president going against its own foreign policy on a critical global issue such as the issue in Libya."

Jordan added that it was unclear if Trump had initiated the call.

"The White House statement notes that he and Haftar spoke on Monday, it could have been Haftar is looking for some sort of approval on a global stage and made a request to have a conversation with the president," she said.

The announcement came a day after both the US and Russia said they could not support a UN Security Council resolution calling for a ceasefire in Libya at this time.

UN condemns latest attack on Libya's Tripoli, mulls ceasefire (2:16)

Russia objected to the British-drafted resolution blaming Haftar for the latest flare-up in violence, but the US did not give a reason for its decision. The draft resolution would also call on countries with influence over the warring parties to ensure compliance and for unconditional humanitarian aid access in Libya.

Meanwhile, countries in Europe and the Middle East were also divided on Haftar's offensive on Tripoli.

Italy and France have sparred over Libya in the past, but on Friday foreign ministers of the two countries said they are trying to forge a common strategy on the North African country.

Jean-Yves Le Drian, France's foreign minister, speaking to reporters following a meeting in Rome with his counterpart said" "There can be no progress in Libya without a solid Franco-Italian agreement."

Enzo Moavero Milanesi, the Italian minister, said lower-ranking ministry officials will meet next week in the Italian capital "to build the path toward a goal that remains a shared one".

Protesters in Tripoli accused France's President Emmanuel Macron of backing Haftar, but the French embassy in Libya tweeted in Arabic that Paris was "opposed to the attack" on the city.

Haftar enjoys the backing of Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, which view him as an anchor to restore stability in Libya. But Qatar said an existing UN arms embargo on Libya should be strictly enforced to prevent the commander from receiving arms.

Also on Friday, the UN refugee agency said it evacuated 163 refugees and migrants from Libya to neighbouring Niger, but more than 3,000 others were still trapped in detention centres affected by clashes between the LNA and GNA forces.

Libyan authorities had previously detained the refugees and migrants to stop their passage to Europe.

The UNHCR said the refugees from various African nations included dozens of women and children, who had all been held in detention centres near the front lines of the conflict.

The agency said it remained "extremely concerned" for the safety of those who remain "trapped" in Libya.

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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/trump-calls-haftar-praises-significant-role-terrorism-fight-190419182035115.html

2019-04-20 07:42:00Z
52780271274211

Trump praises Haftar in apparent reversal of US policy on Libya - Al Jazeera English

Thousands of protesters took to the streets in Libya's capital, Tripoli, on Friday after US President Donald Trump praised Libya's Khalifa Haftar amid a military assault by the renegade general to seize the capital.

A White House statement said Trump and Haftar spoke by phone on Monday "to discuss ongoing counterterrorism efforts to achieve peace and stability in Libya".

On April 4, Haftar and his forces launched an offensive against the country's internationally recognised government, which is based in Tripoli.

In their phone call, Trump "recognised Field Marshal Haftar's significant role in fighting terrorism and securing Libya's oil resources, and the two discussed a shared vision for Libya's transition to a stable, democratic political system".

It was unclear why the White House waited several days to announce the phone call.

Trump's praise for Haftar was seen in Tripoli as a reversal in US policy on Libya, as earlier this month, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo demanded an immediate halt to Haftar's offensive.

190419062628262

Al Jazeera's Mahmoud Abdelwahed, reporting from Tripoli, said news of the conversation caused anger in the capital with residents perceiving the call as a show of support by Trump for Haftar's offensive.

"People are very angry, thousands of people have come out here on the main streets and squares especially in Tripoli and they are calling on the international community to stop the military aggression by Haftar forces," he said.

At least 2,000 people took part in Friday's protest in Tripoli's Martyrs' Square to protest the push on Tripoli by Haftar's Libyan National Army (LNA).

Libyan protesters carry a portrait of French President Emmanuel Macron during a demonstration against Haftar in Tripoli [Mahmud Turkia/AFP]

Abdelrizaq Musheirib, a protester criticised Trump's call to the commander, telling Reuters news agency: "The call has no meaning but we will respond to it."

The LNA launched the military campaign against Tripoli on April 4, saying it wanted to "cleanse" the country's western region of "remaining terrorist groups".

Analysts say the offensive is threatening to reignite a full-blown civil war in the oil-rich country, which has been mired in chaos since the NATO-backed toppling of longtime ruler Muammar Gaddafi in 2011.

The fighting on the outskirts of the city has killed at least 213 people and wounded more than 1,000 people, the World Health Organization said on Friday. More than 25,000 have been displaced, according to the UN.

Haftar backs a rival administration in eastern Libya that refuses to recognise the authority of the UN-recognised Government of National Accord in Tripoli, led by Prime Minister Fayez al-Serraj.

World powers divided

Al Jazeera's Rosiland Jordan, reporting from Washington, DC, said the White House's statement on Friday appeared to contradict the stand of the United States's Department of State.

"Earlier this week, the State Department put out a statement calling on Haftar to stand down, to halt this military offensive and the US has been working with the UN on trying to broker some sort of a peace accord in that country," she said.

"So, it raises the question whether this is a matter of a US president going against its own foreign policy on a critical global issue such as the issue in Libya."

Jordan added that it was unclear if Trump had initiated the call.

"The White House statement notes that he and Haftar spoke on Monday, it could have been Haftar is looking for some sort of approval on a global stage and made a request to have a conversation with the president," she said.

The announcement came a day after both the US and Russia said they could not support a UN Security Council resolution calling for a ceasefire in Libya at this time.

UN condemns latest attack on Libya's Tripoli, mulls ceasefire (2:16)

Russia objected to the British-drafted resolution blaming Haftar for the latest flare-up in violence, but the US did not give a reason for its decision. The draft resolution would also call on countries with influence over the warring parties to ensure compliance and for unconditional humanitarian aid access in Libya.

Meanwhile, countries in Europe and the Middle East were also divided on Haftar's offensive on Tripoli.

Italy and France have sparred over Libya in the past, but on Friday foreign ministers of the two countries said they are trying to forge a common strategy on the North African country.

Jean-Yves Le Drian, France's foreign minister, speaking to reporters following a meeting in Rome with his counterpart said" "There can be no progress in Libya without a solid Franco-Italian agreement."

Enzo Moavero Milanesi, the Italian minister, said lower-ranking ministry officials will meet next week in the Italian capital "to build the path toward a goal that remains a shared one".

Protesters in Tripoli accused France's President Emmanuel Macron of backing Haftar, but the French embassy in Libya tweeted in Arabic that Paris was "opposed to the attack" on the city.

Haftar enjoys the backing of Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, which view him as an anchor to restore stability in Libya. But Qatar said an existing UN arms embargo on Libya should be strictly enforced to prevent the commander from receiving arms.

Also on Friday, the UN refugee agency said it evacuated 163 refugees and migrants from Libya to neighbouring Niger, but more than 3,000 others were still trapped in detention centres affected by clashes between the LNA and GNA forces.

Libyan authorities had previously detained the refugees and migrants to stop their passage to Europe.

The UNHCR said the refugees from various African nations included dozens of women and children, who had all been held in detention centres near the front lines of the conflict.

The agency said it remained "extremely concerned" for the safety of those who remain "trapped" in Libya.

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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/trump-calls-haftar-praises-significant-role-terrorism-fight-190419182035115.html

2019-04-20 07:04:00Z
52780271274211

Jumat, 19 April 2019

Notre-Dame’s Safety Planners Underestimated the Risk, With Devastating Results - The New York Times

PARIS — The architect who oversaw the design of the fire safety system at Notre-Dame acknowledged that officials had misjudged how quickly a flame would ignite and spread through the cathedral, resulting in a much more devastating blaze than they had anticipated.

The system was based on the assumption that the ancient oak timbers in the cathedral’s attic would burn slowly, leaving ample time to fight a fire, said Benjamin Mouton, the architect who oversaw the fire protections.

Unlike at sensitive sites in the United States, the fire alarms in Notre-Dame did not notify fire dispatchers right away. Instead, a guard at the cathedral first had to climb a steep set of stairs to the attic — a trip Mr. Mouton said would take a “fit” person six minutes.

Only after a blaze was discovered could the fire department be notified and deployed. That means even a flawless response had a built-in delay of about 20 minutes — from the moment the alarm sounded until firefighters could arrive and climb to the attic with hundreds of pounds of hoses and equipment to begin battling a fire.

Those delays turned out to be devastating.

“I was stunned by the speed with which the oak in Notre-Dame burned,” Mr. Mouton said. “Oak that old can’t burn like a match. It’s absolutely incomprehensible.”

But fire safety experts said that Mr. Mouton and his team underestimated the risk — and that the fire response they designed was far too slow to fight a blaze in time.

“It doesn’t make any sense,” said Jonathan Barnett, a fire safety authority at Basic Expert in Australia. “Twenty minutes is a huge delay before you get people involved. Once that heavy timber starts to burn, you can’t put it out. So I have no idea why they built in this delay.”

A Six-Minute Climb to the Attic

Guards responding to a fire alarm at Notre-Dame had to climb a steep set of stairs and check for a fire before they could notify the fire department.

Attic

Guards climbed up this staircase after a second alarm.

Attic

Guards climbed up this staircase after a second alarm.

Attic

Guards climbed up this staircase after a second alarm.

By Evan Grothjan, Karthik Patanjali and Elian Peltier

François Chatillon, a senior architect involved in numerous restorations of France’s historic monuments, also stressed that the intense fire risk in the oak timbers underneath Notre-Dame’s lead roof was well known.

Image
Smoke and flames rising during the fire at the cathedral.CreditMaxime Brunet, via Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Once lit, he said, “It is like throwing a match in a matchbox, it’s impossible to put out.”

For him the surprise was not that Notre-Dame burned this week, but “that it didn’t burn before.”

Mr. Mouton and his team were not solely responsible for all the decisions made to secure a monument as precious as Notre-Dame. At a minimum, their plans required approval up the chain at the Culture Ministry.

Charlotte Hubert, who presides at the same group of chief architects in charge of historical monuments that Mr. Mouton belongs to, underscored that security at such buildings was tightly regulated.

“The chief architect isn’t handed the keys and left to do exactly as he wants,” Ms. Hubert said.

Still, fire experts said that two of the top officials on the project, Mr. Mouton and a former firefighter, Lt. Col. Régis Prunet, appeared to have miscalculated what was needed to protect such an unusual, complex and irreplaceable building from a fire.

Scientists consulted by The New York Times said fire dynamics indicated that, while the dense timbers may take time to burn completely, a fire would naturally race across the original timbers at Notre-Dame. It was a mistake to assume otherwise, they said.

Mr. Mouton was the architect in charge of Notre-Dame between 2000 and 2013, and in that position he oversaw a revamp of fire safety.

“The issue of fire safety was brought up as soon as I arrived,” he said. “I managed the issue from beginning to end.”

Mr. Prunet, the former firefighter, became fire safety adviser at the Culture Ministry and worked with Mr. Mouton and his team.

The two men faced a monumental task. There was no proper fire protection plan in place, not even a plan to evacuate tourists or worshipers in case of a blaze, Mr. Prunet said in a separate interview. It was a miracle that nothing had happened before, he said, and “a great irony” that it should happen so soon after a plan was put in place.

Both Mr. Mouton and Mr. Prunet said they had been given a free hand to design the most effective fire protection system. Money was not an issue.

When the budget came in higher than expected, the authorities found the money and merely stretched the number of years to put the plan in place, to four from two, Mr. Mouton said.

“The project was not downsized because of financial considerations, I can absolutely guarantee that,” he said.

But even if no cost was spared, there was also a conservative approach to preserving the historic wooden structure in its unadulterated form. The designers were determined not to alter the attic with protective measures like sprinklers or fire walls.

A willingness to sacrifice its pristine state for a compromise between what was possible 850 years ago and what is sensible today could have saved the spire, experts said.

Firewall technology was used elsewhere in the cathedral — but not in the attic. Mr. Prunet said the scale and complexity of the attic structure at Notre-Dame was of a different order.

“In Notre-Dame it was very complicated because the oak beams were entangled with each other in what we call the forest,” Mr. Prunet said.

But the main reason to opt against fire walls, Mr. Mouton said, was because it risked “mutilating” the structure.

“It’s true,” he said, that the idea had been floated at the time, “but it was discarded.”

“It changes the appearance but also the elements, because to put up a partition you need to cut the wood. It’s mutilating,” Mr. Mouton said.

Mr. Prunet added that sprinklers were not added because they would “drown the whole structure.”

Instead, they said, the team had banked on prevention and detection. This was a conscious choice.

Two guards were on site to monitor the delicate roof structure, day and night, like a bank vault. The cathedral was covered in smoke and heat sensors. Three times a day someone went up to check that the system was working.

Mr. Mouton said he performed a trial of the time it took for a guard to investigate an alert, racing one of his guards to the top of the attic.

‘‘It does take a certain amount of time, including for someone who is very fit,” he said. “That solution seemed reasonable to me, considering that it’s old oak and doesn’t burn like that.”

Beyond that assumption, the alert system appears to have been flawed, too, beginning with the response to the first alarm at 6:20 p.m.

The guard, seeing no obvious fire, gave the all-clear and came down.

But when an alarm goes off, it is imperative to identify which alarm it was — and why — including whether a malfunction or an insect crawled into the apparatus, said Glenn Corbett, an associate professor of fire science at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City.

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Unlike at sensitive sites in the United States, the fire alarms at Notre-Dame did not notify fire dispatchers right away.CreditGigarama.ru, via Associated Press

“There wasn’t an adequate investigation of that first alarm,” Mr. Corbett said. “That was probably the biggest mistake they made.”

At that point, presumably, a smoldering fire somewhere in the attic had begun to spread, though how the fire started has yet to be determined.

Fire safety experts struggled to understand how Mr. Mouton came to believe that fire would spread slowly in old hardwood.

Mr. Corbett said that in long-discredited lore, fires in heavy timber buildings dating to the 19th century were sometimes referred to as “slow burning.”

Mr. Barnett, the Australian expert, underscored that the time it takes a fire to burn a piece of thick timber completely is entirely different from calculating how quickly a fire will spread.

“He miscalculated the large surface area,” Mr. Barnett said. “There’s lots of energy and it’s spreading very quickly.”

By the time the second alarm sounded at 6:43 p.m. and a guard climbed the stairs again, the fire was already a conflagration.

The call finally went to the fire brigade at 6:51 p.m.

“We could have avoided all this with a modern detection system,” said Guillaume Poitrinal, president of Fondation du Patrimoine, an organization that promotes French architectural heritage.

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A Good Friday procession near Notre-Dame.CreditGonzalo Fuentes/Reuters

The early detection technology was an aspirating smoke detection system provided by Siemens in 2013, but the company said it had not been given a service contract and could not speak to possible operational questions.

Fire alarms in France never automatically alert the fire department, a spokesman for the Paris Fire Brigade confirmed.

“There can be false alarms, that’s why the firefighters ask that someone go check,” said Gabriel Plus, the spokesman. He called this “removal of doubt.”

But outside experts suggested that in the case of Notre-Dame, the choices in the fire safety design did not leave enough time for that.

There would have been one other solution: A permanent presence of firefighters on site. Buildings that run “a significant risk” in case of a fire, Mr. Plus said, sometimes get such a presence, among them the Louvre, the Paris court, the National Assembly and the National Library.

Notre Dame, he said, was not in this category.

Mr. Mouton acknowledged that firefighters on standby would have been the only reliable way to ensure against fire damage, but he said this would not have been justified when “there are fires going off everywhere in Paris and in the suburbs.”

Some risk had to be accepted, he said. “All things are relative.”

“I am very troubled by what has happened,” Mr. Mouton said.

Would he design the system differently today, knowing what he knows now?

“The detection system would have been the same,” he said, “but the response system would have changed.”

“Of course it’s the first minutes that count,” he said, pausing. Then he added: “After the fact, one is always wrong and could have done better.”

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https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/19/world/europe/notre-dame-fire-safety.html

2019-04-19 21:07:16Z
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